Solana Cookbook

Keypairs and Wallets

How to generate a new Keypair

Many of the different actions you can take with the various Solana libraries require a Keypair or Wallet. If you are connecting to a wallet, you do not have to worry. However, if you are in need of a keypair, you will need to generate one.

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import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  let keypair = Keypair.generate();
})();

from solana.keypair import Keypair

keypair = Keypair()

use solana_sdk::signature::{Keypair};

fn main() {
    let wallet = Keypair::new();
}

$ solana-keygen new

# pubkey: 9ZNTfG4NyQgxy2SWjSiQoUyBPEvXT2xo7fKc5hPYYJ7b

How to restore a Keypair from a secret

If you already have your secret, you can get your Keypair from the secret to test out your dApp.

  1. From Bytes
Press </> button to view full source
import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  const keypair = Keypair.fromSecretKey(
    Uint8Array.from([
      174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138, 189, 224, 216, 117,
      173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240, 148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240,
      121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48, 63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ])
  );
})();

from solana.keypair import Keypair

secret_key= [
        174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138,
        189, 224, 216, 117, 173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240,
        148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240, 121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48,
        63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ]
    
keypair = Keypair.from_secret_key(bytes(secret_key))
print("Created Keypair with Public Key: {}".format(keypair.public_key))

use solana_sdk::signature::{Keypair, Signer};

fn main() {
    let secret_key: [u8; 64] = [
        174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138,
        189, 224, 216, 117, 173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240,
        148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240, 121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48,
        63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ];

    if let Ok(wallet) = Keypair::from_bytes(&secret_key) {
        let pubkey = Signer::pubkey(&wallet);
        println!("Created keypair: {}", pubkey)
    }
}

# input your secret into the Keypath listed under solana config get
  1. From Base58 String
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import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";
import * as bs58 from "bs58";

(async () => {
  const keypair = Keypair.fromSecretKey(
    bs58.decode("5MaiiCavjCmn9Hs1o3eznqDEhRwxo7pXiAYez7keQUviUkauRiTMD8DrESdrNjN8zd9mTmVhRvBJeg5vhyvgrAhG")
  );
})();

import base58
from solana.keypair import Keypair

b58_string = "5MaiiCavjCmn9Hs1o3eznqDEhRwxo7pXiAYez7keQUviUkauRiTMD8DrESdrNjN8zd9mTmVhRvBJeg5vhyvgrAhG"
keypair = Keypair.from_secret_key(base58.b58decode(b58_string)
print("Created Keypair with Public Key: {}".format(keypair.public_key))

use solana_sdk::signature::{Keypair, Signer};

fn main() {
    let wallet = Keypair::from_base58_string(
        "5MaiiCavjCmn9Hs1o3eznqDEhRwxo7pXiAYez7keQUviUkauRiTMD8DrESdrNjN8zd9mTmVhRvBJeg5vhyvgrAhG",
    );
    let pubkey = Signer::pubkey(&wallet);
    println!("Created keypair: {}", pubkey)
}

How to verify a Keypair

If you are given a keypair, you can verify whether or not the secret matches the given public key

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import { Keypair, PublicKey } from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  const publicKey = new PublicKey("24PNhTaNtomHhoy3fTRaMhAFCRj4uHqhZEEoWrKDbR5p");
  const keypair = Keypair.fromSecretKey(
    Uint8Array.from([
      174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138, 189, 224, 216, 117,
      173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240, 148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240,
      121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48, 63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ])
  );
  console.log(keypair.publicKey.toBase58() === publicKey.toBase58());
  // true
})();

from solana.keypair import Keypair
from solana.publickey import PublicKey

public_key = PublicKey("24PNhTaNtomHhoy3fTRaMhAFCRj4uHqhZEEoWrKDbR5p")

keys = [
        174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138,
        189, 224, 216, 117, 173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240,
        148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240, 121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48,
        63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ]
keypair = Keypair.from_secret_key(bytes(keys))

print(keypair.public_key.to_base58() == public_key.to_base58())
# True

solana-keygen verify <PUBKEY> prompt://

How to check if a public key has an associated private key

In certain special cases (e.g. a Program Derived Address), public keys may not have a private key associated with them. You can check this by looking to see if the public key lies on the ed25519 curve. Only public keys that lie on the curve can be controlled by users with wallets.

Press </> button to view full source
import { PublicKey } from "@solana/web3.js";

(async function () {
  // Note that Keypair.generate() will always give a public key that is valid for users
  const key = new PublicKey("5oNDL3swdJJF1g9DzJiZ4ynHXgszjAEpUkxVYejchzrY"); // Valid public key
  console.log(PublicKey.isOnCurve(key.toBytes())); // Lies on the ed25519 curve and is suitable for users

  const offCurveAddress = new PublicKey(
    "4BJXYkfvg37zEmBbsacZjeQDpTNx91KppxFJxRqrz48e"
  ); // Valid public key
  console.log(PublicKey.isOnCurve(offCurveAddress.toBytes())); // Not on the ed25519 curve, therefore not suitable for users

  const errorPubkey = new PublicKey("testPubkey"); // Is not a valid public key
})();

from solana.keypair import Keypair
from solana.publickey import PublicKey
from solana.utils.ed25519_base import is_on_curve

# Note that Keypair() will always give a public key that is valid for users
key = PublicKey('5oNDL3swdJJF1g9DzJiZ4ynHXgszjAEpUkxVYejchzrY') # Valid public key
print(is_on_curve(key)) # Lies on the ed25519 curve and is suitable for users

off_curve_address = PublicKey('4BJXYkfvg37zEmBbsacZjeQDpTNx91KppxFJxRqrz48e') # Valid public key
print(PublicKey._is_on_curve(off_curve_address)) # Not on the ed25519 curve, therefore not suitable for users

error_pubkey = PublicKey("testPubkey"); # Is not a valid public key

use solana_sdk::pubkey::{Pubkey};
use std::str::FromStr;

fn main() {
    // Note that Keypair::new() will always give a public key that is valid for users
    let pubkey = Pubkey::from_str("5oNDL3swdJJF1g9DzJiZ4ynHXgszjAEpUkxVYejchzrY").unwrap(); // Valid public key
    println!("{:?}", pubkey.is_on_curve()); // Lies on the ed25519 curve and is suitable for users

    let off_curve_address = Pubkey::from_str("4BJXYkfvg37zEmBbsacZjeQDpTNx91KppxFJxRqrz48e").unwrap(); // Valid public key
    println!("{:?}", off_curve_address.is_on_curve()); // Not on the ed25519 curve, therefore not suitable for users

    let error_pubkey = Pubkey::from_str("testPubkey").unwrap(); // Is not a valid public key
}

How to generate a mnemonic phrase

If you're creating a wallet, you will need to generate a mnemonic phrase so that the user can save it as a backup.

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import * as bip39 from "bip39";

const mnemonic = bip39.generateMnemonic();

from mnemonic import Mnemonic

mnemo = Mnemonic("english")
words = mnemo.generate(strength=256)

solana-keygen new

How to restore a Keypair from a mnemonic phrase

Many wallet extensions use mnemonics to represent their secret keys. You can convert the mnemonic to Keypairs for local testing.

  1. BIP39
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import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";
import * as bip39 from "bip39";

(async () => {
  const mnemonic = "pill tomorrow foster begin walnut borrow virtual kick shift mutual shoe scatter";
  const seed = bip39.mnemonicToSeedSync(mnemonic, ""); // (mnemonic, password)
  const keypair = Keypair.fromSeed(seed.slice(0, 32));
  console.log(`${keypair.publicKey.toBase58()}`); // 5ZWj7a1f8tWkjBESHKgrLmXshuXxqeY9SYcfbshpAqPG
})();

from solana.keypair import Keypair
from mnemonic import Mnemonic

mnemo = Mnemonic("english")
seed = mnemo.to_seed("pill tomorrow foster begin walnut borrow virtual kick shift mutual shoe scatter")
keypair = Keypair.from_secret_key(seed)
print("Created Keypair with Public Key: {}".format(keypair.public_key)

solana-keygen recover
  1. BIP44
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import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { derivePath } from "ed25519-hd-key";
import * as bip39 from "bip39";

(async () => {
  const mnemonic = "neither lonely flavor argue grass remind eye tag avocado spot unusual intact";
  const seed = bip39.mnemonicToSeedSync(mnemonic, ""); // (mnemonic, password)
  for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    const path = `m/44'/501'/${i}'/0'`;
    const keypair = Keypair.fromSeed(derivePath(path, seed.toString("hex")).key);
    console.log(`${path} => ${keypair.publicKey.toBase58()}`);
  }
})();

solana-keygen recover 'prompt:?key=0/0'

How to generate a vanity address

Vanity publickeys, or custom addresses are keys that have start with specific characters. For example, a person may want a publickey to start with "elv1s", or maybe even "cook". These can help other people remember who the key belongs to, making the key more easily identifiable.

Note: The more characters in your vanity address, the longer it will take.

WARNING

You should just use the CLI for this task. The Python and TypeScript examples are for illustrative purposes and are much slower than the CLI.

Press </> button to view full source
import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";

(async () => {
  let keypair = Keypair.generate();
  while(!keypair.publicKey.toBase58().startsWith("elv1s")) {
    keypair = Keypair.generate();
  }
})();

from solana.keypair import Keypair

keypair = Keypair()
while(str(keypair.public_key)[:5]!="elv1s") :
    keypair = Keypair()
    
print("Created Keypair with Public Key: {}".format(keypair.public_key))

solana-keygen grind --starts-with e1v1s:1

How to sign and verify messages with wallets

The primary function of a keypair is to sign messages and enable verification of the signature. Verification of a signature allows the recipient to be sure that the data was signed by the owner of a specific private key.

To do so we will import the TweetNaClopen in new window crypto library.

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import { Keypair } from "@solana/web3.js";
import nacl from 'tweetnacl';
import { decodeUTF8 } from "tweetnacl-util";

(async () => {
  const keypair = Keypair.fromSecretKey(
    Uint8Array.from([
      174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138, 189, 224, 216, 117,
      173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240, 148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240,
      121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48, 63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ])
  );

  const message = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog";
  const messageBytes = decodeUTF8(message);

  const signature = nacl.sign.detached(messageBytes, keypair.secretKey);
  const result = nacl.sign.detached.verify(messageBytes, signature, keypair.publicKey.toBytes());

  console.log(result);

})();

from nacl.signing import VerifyKey
from solana.keypair import Keypair

secret_key =  [
      174, 47, 154, 16, 202, 193, 206, 113, 199, 190, 53, 133, 169, 175, 31, 56, 222, 53, 138, 189, 224, 216, 117,
      173, 10, 149, 53, 45, 73, 251, 237, 246, 15, 185, 186, 82, 177, 240, 148, 69, 241, 227, 167, 80, 141, 89, 240,
      121, 121, 35, 172, 247, 68, 251, 226, 218, 48, 63, 176, 109, 168, 89, 238, 135,
    ]
     
keypair = Keypair.from_secret_key(bytes(secret_key))
pubkey_bytes = bytes(keypair.public_key)
message = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
message_bytes = bytes(message,'utf8')
signed_message = keypair.sign(message_bytes)

verify_sign = VerifyKey(
    pubkey_bytes
).verify(
    smessage=message_bytes,  
    signature=signed_message.signature
)

#Returns original message if the signature has not been tampered with
print(verify_sign)

How to connect to a wallet

Solana's wallet-adapteropen in new window libraries make it easy to manage wallet connections client-side.

React

Run the following command to install the required dependencies:

yarn add @solana/wallet-adapter-react @solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui @solana/wallet-adapter-base @solana/wallet-adapter-wallets

The React wallet-adapter libraries allow us to persist and access wallet connection states through hooks and Context providers, namely, useWallet, WalletProvider, useConnection, and ConnectionProvider. The React App must be wrapped with WalletProvider and ConnectionProvider.

Additionally, we can prompt users to connect by using useWalletModal to toggle visibility of the connection modal and wrapping the App with WalletModalProvider from @solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui, as well. The connection modal will handle that connection flow for us, so we can just listen for when a wallet has connected. We know a wallet is connected when the useWallet response has a non-null wallet property. Vice versa, if that property is null, we know the wallet is disconnected.

Press </> button to view full source
import React, { useMemo, FC, PropsWithChildren } from "react";
import { ConnectionProvider, WalletProvider } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react";
import { WalletModalProvider } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui";
import { WalletAdapterNetwork } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-base";
import {
  LedgerWalletAdapter,
  PhantomWalletAdapter,
  SlopeWalletAdapter,
  TorusWalletAdapter,
} from '@solana/wallet-adapter-wallets';
import { clusterApiUrl } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { useWallet } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react";
import { useWalletModal } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-react-ui";
import { MouseEventHandler } from "react";

export const Web3Provider: FC<PropsWithChildren<{}>> = ({ children }) => {
  // Can be set to 'devnet', 'testnet', or 'mainnet-beta'
  const endpoint = useMemo(() => clusterApiUrl(WalletAdapterNetwork.Devnet), []);

  // @solana/wallet-adapter-wallets includes all the adapters but supports tree shaking --
  // Only the wallets you configure here will be compiled into your application
  const wallets = useMemo(
    () => [
      new PhantomWalletAdapter(),
      new SlopeWalletAdapter(),
      new TorusWalletAdapter(),
      new LedgerWalletAdapter(),
    ],
    []
  );

  return (
    <ConnectionProvider endpoint={endpoint}>
      <WalletModalProvider>
        <WalletProvider wallets={wallets}>{children}</WalletProvider>
      </WalletModalProvider>
    </ConnectionProvider>
  );
};

/**
 * Make sure to wrap the App with
 * ConnectionProvider, WalletProvider, and WalletModalProvider.
 * 
 * If you have a lot of Providers already, you can combine them
 * into a single wrapper (i.e. Web3Provider) instead.
 */
export const App = () => {
  return (
    <Web3Provider>
      <AppChild />
    </Web3Provider>
  );
};

const AppChild = () => {
  const { wallet } = useWallet();
  const { setVisible } = useWalletModal();

  // Display the connection modal
  const onRequestConnectWallet = () => {
    setVisible(true);
  };
  
  // Prompt user to connect wallet
  if (!wallet) {
    return <button onClick={onRequestConnectWallet}>Connect Wallet</button>;
  }

  return (
    <main>
      <p>Wallet successfully connected!</p>
      <p>{wallet.publicKey.toString()}</p>
    </main>
  );
};

Vue

Run the following command to install the required dependencies:

npm install solana-wallets-vue @solana/wallet-adapter-wallets

The Solana Wallets Vueopen in new window plugin allows us to initialise a wallet store and create a new $wallet global property that can be accessed inside any component. All the properties and methods you can get from useWallet() are displayed hereopen in new window. We also import and render the WalletMultiButton component to allow users to select a wallet et connect to it.

Press </> button to view full source
<script setup>
import { WalletMultiButton } from "solana-wallets-vue";
import {
  LedgerWalletAdapter,
  PhantomWalletAdapter,
  SlopeWalletAdapter,
  TorusWalletAdapter,
} from "@solana/wallet-adapter-wallets";
import { initWallet, useWallet } from "solana-wallets-vue";

const wallets = {
  wallets: [
    new PhantomWalletAdapter(),
    new SlopeWalletAdapter(),
    new TorusWalletAdapter(),
    new LedgerWalletAdapter(),
  ],
};
initWallet(wallets);

const { connected, wallet } = useWallet();
</script>

<template>
  <div>
    <p v-if="connected">
      Wallet with public key {{ wallet.publicKey }} successfully connected!
    </p>
    <div v-else>
      <wallet-multi-button></wallet-multi-button>
    </div>
  </div>
</template>

Svelte

Run the following command to install the required dependencies:

npm install @svelte-on-solana/wallet-adapter-core @svelte-on-solana/wallet-adapter-ui @solana/wallet-adapter-base @solana/wallet-adapter-wallets @solana/web3.js

The Svelte Wallet Adapteropen in new window package allows to add a Svelte Store ($walletStore) accessible among all the JS, TS or/and Svelte files inside a project done with Svelte Template or SvelteKit. Using the repo reference hereopen in new window you can be able to use the adapter for SSR or SPA. The UI package contains a <WalletMultiButton /> component to allow users to select a wallet to connect to it.

Press </> button to view full source
<script>
  import { walletStore } from "@svelte-on-solana/wallet-adapter-core";
  import {
    WalletProvider,
    WalletMultiButton,
    ConnectionProvider,
  } from "@svelte-on-solana/wallet-adapter-ui";
  import { clusterApiUrl } from "@solana/web3.js";
  import {
    PhantomWalletAdapter,
    SolflareWalletAdapter,
    TorusWalletAdapter,
    LedgerWalletAdapter,
  } from "@solana/wallet-adapter-wallets";

  const localStorageKey = "walletAdapter";
  const network = clusterApiUrl("devnet"); // localhost or mainnet

  let wallets = [
    new PhantomWalletAdapter(),
    new SolflareWalletAdapter(),
    new TorusWalletAdapter(),
    new LedgerWalletAdapter(),
  ];
</script>

<WalletProvider {localStorageKey} {wallets} autoConnect />
<ConnectionProvider {network} />

{#if $walletStore?.connected}
  Wallet with public key {$walletStore.publicKey} successfully connected!
{:else}
  <WalletMultiButton />
{/if}
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